Police Brutality Is An Intentional Act Of Undue Force

Police brutality is an intentional act of undue force that a law enforcement officer uses to control a situation. This act violates the human rights of civilians and thus is unlawful behavior that exceeds the officer’s governmental power. Danilina (n.d.) stated: The most obvious form of police brutality is a physical form. Police officers can use nerve gas, batons, pepper spray, and guns in order to physically intimidate or even intentionally hurt civilians. Police brutality can also take the form of false arrests, verbal abuse, psychological intimidation, sexual abuse, police corruption, racial profiling, political repression and the improper use of Tasers. It is without a doubt that law enforcement officers in this country perform difficult jobs within their communities for the sake of maintaining peace and order. However, my interest for this issue derives from the current state of affairs regarding policing in America in addition to first hand accounts, where law enforcement officers abuse their privileges. As an adolescent, I helplessly watched a law enforcement officer sexually assault my aunt as she wept and pled out of fear. His rationale for the repulsive mistreatment was that his punishment was fitting rather than getting Child Protective Services (CPS) involved for leaving as a result of her leaving underage children in a vehicle improperly supervised. Nonetheless, I was fifteen at the time yet still deemed unfit to monitor her children and even after reportingShow MoreRelatedManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pageswas printed on recycled paper. Management http://www.mhhe.com/primis/online/ Copyright  ©2005 by The McGraw−Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher. This McGraw−Hill Primis text may include materials submittedRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages______ ______ ______ ______ 78. I create positive energy in others when I interact with them. 79. I emphasize a higher purpose or meaning associated with the change I am leading. 80. I express gratitude frequently and conspicuously, even for small acts. 81. I emphasize building on strengths, not just overcoming weaknesses. 82. I use a lot more positive comments than negative comments. 83. When I communicate a vision, I capture people’s hearts as well as their heads. 84. I know how to get people to

Globalization Is The Main Idea Of The Book Essay

1) First of all, what is globalization? And what are some arguments in favor of and against it? - Globalization is a process of increasing integration and the result of economic, cultural and political interdependence among countries. Globalization has been a controversial debate, since this phenomenon has affected the world in several ways. Consequently, there are plenty of economic, cultural and political arguments in favor of and against it. Some arguments in favor of globalization are that it promotes democracy, creates jobs (by dividing labor around the world), promotes knowledge and an interconnected world, and makes the world â€Å"borderless.† On the other hand, globalization is evil because transnational corporations exploit workers abroad, countries lose their own identities, promotes consumerism, destroys the environment and, most importantly, instead of improving a country’s society and economy, it actually creates more poverty. 2)What is the main idea of the book? - In his book How to Make Globalization Work, Nobel Prize-winning economist Joseph Stiglitz blames globalization and the entities that are in charge of its performance for many of the catastrophic events that have occurred around the globe, and for the astronomical increase in inequality and poverty on a global level. Stiglitz’s main concern is not globalization itself, though. By contrast, he believes that this worldwide phenomenon could have a positive economic and political outcome for both developed andShow MoreRelatedHybridity As The Cultural Effect Of Globalization- Introduction1563 Words   |  7 PagesHybridity as the cultural effect of globalization- Introduction According to Avtar Brah and Annie Coombes, the term hybridity originated as a biological term that was used to describe the outcome of a crossing of two or more plants or species. It is now a term that is used for a wide range of social and cultural phenomena involving mixing, and has become a key concept within cultural criticism and post-colonial theory (A. Brah and A.E. Coombes. 2000.). Marwan Kraidy defines the term as theRead MoreThe Three Areas of Globalization954 Words   |  4 Pages According to Thomas Friedman, â€Å"In Globalization 1.0, which began around 1492, the world went from size large to size medium. In Globalization 2.0, the era that introduced us to multinational companies, it went from size medium to size small. And then around 2000 came Globalization 3.0, in which the world went from being small to tiny.† It is not something one can pin point and define as a formal structure of the current international system. Globalization is a notion of the grow ing interconnectednessRead MoreThomas Friedman’s The World is Flat Essay1031 Words   |  5 PagesHistory In Thomas Friedman’s The World Is Flat he presents his idea of the globalization of the world in all areas; from economic to communication with other countries. Friedman is a journalist from the New York Times and most of his work focuses on economic and technological innovations and advancements, and furthermore how they are associated to history. The ideas he presents in this book are both plausible and convincing. The main focus is whether the world is â€Å"flatâ€Å". The answer to this questionRead MoreGlobalization Is An Undeniable Reality Of The Modern World Essay1630 Words   |  7 PagesGlobalization is an undeniable reality of the modern world. That said globalization means different things to different people. The debate about globalization is particularly complex because of the wide variety of ways that globalization affects people. Everyone has a stake in globalization, but some have more power to affect the system than others, Rebecca Todd Peters, in her bo ok In Search of the Good Life, attempts to clarify the debate about globalization by identifying the 4 main viewpointsRead MoreThe Post American World, by Fareed Zakaria and The World is Flat, by Thomas Friedman817 Words   |  4 Pagesexcerpt from the book The Post American World by Fareed Zakaria published in 2008. Zakaria emphasizes on these changes. Thomas Friedman the author of â€Å"The World is Flat† a piece from the book The World is Flat: A brief history of the twenty-first century published in 2005 also emphasizes on the same changes currently happening in the world. Zakaria and Friedman define these changes as globalization. The obvious common ground shared by both authors is their representation of globalization and the effectsRead MoreGlobalization Is Not A New Concept1465 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: In this rapidly changing world Globalization has become the way to describe changes in international economy and in world politics. Globalization is not a new concept. After world war II powerful countries tried to capture free market of developed and underdeveloped countries. That’s how that globalization starts. David Bigman says in his book called â€Å"Globalization and the Least Developed Countries: Potentials and Pitfalls† that Globalization has become one of the most emotional word likeRead MoreReligion: Christian Science1395 Words   |  6 PagesGods goodness and the differences between good and evil, life and death. The purpose of this paper is to address how the study of Christian Science helps us better understand the impact of globalization in America, as well as the impact of American on globalization. This paper is important because globalization features a dominant worldview. All throughout the world people believe, study and teach different types of religious movements that impact others. People need to better understand how certainRead MoreDavid Kortens The Physics Of Business Administration1385 Words   |  6 Pagesperspective of anti-globalization, which was a passion for David Korten. His primary idea was that business enterprises were manipulating the conclusion of the world s economic and social involvement from this process of globalization. His sentiment about globalization directs politics, society, and environment in a negative direction for the human involvement. Korten states that multinational corporations acquired considerably amount power in determining the fate of the state. In the book, When CorporationsRead MoreThe Cultural Dimensions Of A World Wide Citizenship And Belonging Notion Within Globalization Essay1586 Words   |  7 PagesGlobalization is a convoluted phenomena experienced across the world which arises from economic, cultural, ethical, and political exchanges of resources and concepts resulting in a growing opportunity for people to explore and appreciate the diversity of world culture. Although globalization has resulted in positive outcomes, it is also important to shed light on the negative consequences as well because it is an essential aspect on the power of Globalization. In this paper, I strive to researchRead MoreThe Age Of Globalization Began In The 17Th Century When1295 Words   |  6 PagesThe age of globalization began in the 17th century when different parts of the world came in contact with one another by establishing trade relations. While globalization connected different parts of the world, it also gave rise to capitalis m. The events leading up to globalization and in turn, capitalism, are interpreted differently by historians such as Timothy Brook, in his book Vermeer’s Hat and by Greg Grandin, in his book Empire of Necessity. This essay focuses on the interpretations of globalization

Ph Balance in Human Body Free Essays

As we all know every solution is either acid or alkaline. Alkaline is often called base. These solutions can be anything from body fluids, to fruits, vegetables, seawater, beverages you name it. We will write a custom essay sample on Ph Balance in Human Body or any similar topic only for you Order Now Acid and alkaline is measured in pH. It starts as low as zero being very acidic and works its way up to fourteen being the most basic. The pH of our stomach is 2, obviously to digest food, wine is 3. 5,water is 7(neutral), arterial blood is 7. , and seawater is 8. 5. Baking soda is 12. Virtually all-degenerative disease including cancer, heart disease, arthritis, osteoporosis, kidney and gall stones and tooth decay are associated with excess acidity in the body. The amazing self-healing body will always work to neutralize the pH in the body by withdrawing acid and alkaline minerals from other locations including bones, soft tissues. The pH of saliva offers a window through which you can see the overall pH balance in your body.Acid rain, which is rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic and can destroy an entire forest, so you can only imagine how much acid solution can destroy our delicate internal organs of the muscles and tissues. When we drink and eat alkalized foods we are making deposits in our bodies that work as antioxidants. When we eat or drink acidic food we are making withdrawals from the body. The goal is to eat 80% alkalized foods verse 20% acidic food, which is the reverse of the standard American today.Point being you can see where the problem lies here in our country. It’s become a lifestyle to eat highly fat, high sugar diet, also including unlimited amounts of prescription and non prescription drugs which are one of the most highly toxic substances you can put in your system. Another one of the leading causes to acidity in the body is emotional stress. Negative emotions cause so much acid in the body that its one of the leading causes to illness.Not to mention all sorts of meats that are highly processed with growth hormones and antibiotics, to milk that is pasteurized and homogenized being extremely acidic causing inflammation in the colon to not enough exercise, to not getting the proper amount of daily sunlight that provides you with the highest level of necessary vitamin D. The list can go on forever. What is the only food that has the ability to absorb light and energy from the sun and transmit this energy to our bodies?If you were to observe the molecular structure of the human blood and chlorophyll you would see that they are almost exactly the same, just the chlorophyll has magnesium in the center, and the hemoglobin is iron. When the sun hits the plants, the energy is captured into the chlorophyll in to green food energy. That brings us to natures simple formula, when we eat green food and drink green drinks; this becomes a part of our blood. Its so out of our habit to go and eat the necessary amounts of fruits and vegetables today due to how convenient fast food has become for us.Its more difficult to eat healthier now, and that’s why when you see people around the world who come to America instantly start to gain weight, even though they were eating the exact same diet back in their home country. My goal is to try and influence as many pe ople as I can to try and take care of their bodies, for that’s our way of showing thanks to our existence to this beautiful life we have. To be able to live life in freedom of health to have the ability to experience the wide rage of opportunities that is out there for us. How to cite Ph Balance in Human Body, Papers

The Effects Of Various Types Of Cartoons On Children Essay Sample free essay sample

Cartoons have become a precedence for kids throughout the old ages. This has become a job because some of the sketchs have become a bad influence for children’s. The Children who watch excessively much sketchs on telecasting are more likely to hold mental and emotional jobs. along with encephalon and oculus hurts and out of the blue the hazard of a physical job additions. There are so many contentions between sketchs and children’s. For illustration: Teletubbies a sketch that seemed harmless and was really attractive for kids under 4 old ages. But what was behind teletubbies? The colourss they used were related to homosexualism ( violet and pink ) and excessively many parents complain that their children’s were become dense. â€Å"The same was proved once and for all about Sesame Street’s Bert and Ernieâ€Å" Besides. Pockemon was a sketch that caused a important impact because of the force reflected in its episodes. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects Of Various Types Of Cartoons On Children Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page POKEMON BEHIND THE SCENE Pokemon was published and owned by Nipponese pictures game company Nintendo and created by Satoshi Tajiri in 1996. The Pokemon computing machine game. telecasting show. and films have many distinctively Nipponese elements and concerns. Pokemon’s Godhead. Tajiri Kojiro. has stated that his dream was to make a computing machine game that would let modern-day Nipponese kids to reconnect with nature through larning to place and care for insect-like animals. ( Feilitzen A ; Carlsson. 2002 ) Initially Pikachu and Pokemon were chosen to be the chief characters for the franchise. Pikachu was the start of the show. under the belief that the animal presented the image of a recognizable confidant pet for kids. Therefore. the colour of Picachu was xanthous because it is a primary colour and easier for kids to acknowledge from a distance. In December 1997. an episode of the Nipponese sketch â€Å"Pokemon† drew world-wide attending after multiple instances of kids enduring ictuss after watching the episode were reported. ( Leu. 2004 ) Merely 30 proceedingss after the show ended. 618 kids were rushed to Nipponese infirmaries. complaining of symptoms that suggested epileptic ictuss. They included paroxysms. oversights in consciousness. sickness. concerns and bleary vision. Doctors foremost said the ictuss were due to light-sensitive epilepsy – the consequence of a scene in the sketch that included a series of strobe-like flashes. ( Bill. 2001 ) The image of the sketch does non portray any force. We can merely see the characters. the look of felicity on their faces and the usage of bright colourss like yellow and orange. In the other manus. if we see the sketch itself the images and values are pull stringsing the heads and feelings of the kids who are into it. Pokemon conditions them to accept humanistic wisdom and supernatural spiritualty. ( Brown ) Research workers said that kids copied and identified with fantasy characters merely every bit much as they would with screen histrions. ( Clark. 2009 ) Mentions: Leu. R. ( 2004. November 15 ) . Television’s consequence on the encephalon and eyes. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. bgsu. edu/departments/tcom/faculty/ha/tcom103fall2004/gp9/ Clark. L. ( 2009. March 05 ) . Cartoon force ‘makes kids more aggressive’ . Mail Online. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. dailymail. co. uk/news/article-1159766/Cartoon-violence-makes-children-aggressive. hypertext markup language Feilitzen. C. . A ; Carlsson. U. ( 2002 ) . Children. immature people and media globalization. ( p. 56 ) . Goteborg University. Brown. D. ( n. d. ) . Pokemon – another debut. Retrieved fromhypertext transfer protocol: //cnview. com/on_line_resources/pokeman__another_introduction. htm Bill. H. ( 2001 ) . Pokemon panic was hysteria. ( p. 083 ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. lexisnexis. com. ezproxy. rit. edu/hottopics/lnacademic/ ? verb=sr A ; csi=164207 A ; sr=HLEAD ( POKEMON SCARE WAS HYSTERIA ) and day of the month is February 26. 2001

Persuasive speech smoking ban free essay sample

Each year cigarettes are responsible for about 443,000 deaths, on average this is smokers dying 13 to 14 years sooner than nonsmokers1. Cigarette smoking is a horrible behavior in our daily lives. Smoking is not just horrible, but it also has many serious effects on your health, which are often deadly. There are over 4000 chemicals in cigarettes, hundreds to which are toxic to your body2. Smoking is a terrible and disgusting habit, because second hand smoke affects the ones around you, it can cause cancer and other health related diseases, and also the cost of cigarettes cause people to spend an outrageous amount of money. Smoking cigarettes isn’t always negative when it comes to the way you live your life and the effects it has on your health. It can ease the signs and symptoms of stress. The ‘pick me up’ you feel after smoking a cigarette only lasts for a short period of time before you need another cigarette because your craving the nicotine3. We will write a custom essay sample on Persuasive speech smoking ban or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The good feeling that nicotine gives you, draws you back to want one more cigarette. Smoking is really just hurting you and the people around you. Stress is something that is going to be around your whole life so it is better to find other way to cope without smoking. Second hand smoke affects the people around you. A smoker does effect close coworkers and family members. Most of the smoke from a burning cigarette isn’t sucked down into the lungs of a smoker, but let out into the open air to be inhaled by anyone. Second hand smoke can cause heart disease, lung cancer, and the risk of SIDs which is something that can instantly kill infants. When it comes to babies and children there are many other complications that can affect them. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) says 4that each year in the United States secondhand smoke causes an estimated 46,000 premature deaths from heart disease and an estimated 3,400 deaths each year from lung cancer in nonsmokers. Secondhand smoke contains more than 250 chemicals known to be toxic or cancer causing5. Children or babies exposed to this secondhand smoke are inhaling many of the same cancer causing substances as smokers are. Since 1964, 34 separate US Surgeon General’s reports have been written to make the public aware of the health issues linked to tobacco and secondhand smoke. The ongoing research used in these reports still supports the fact that tobacco and second hand smoke are linked to serious health problems that could be prevented6. According to the CDC SIDS is the sudden, unexplained, unexpected death of an infant in the first year of life, it is the leading cause of death in otherwise healthy infants. 7Chemicals in secondhand smoke appear to affect the brain in ways that interfere with its regulation of infants’ breathing. On average, Children are exposed to more secondhand smoke than nonsmoking adults. Cigarettes cause health risks that affect you in a negative way. Cigarettes contain arsenic, formaldehyde, lead, hydrogen cyanide, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, ammonia, and 43 known carcinogens. They contain more than 4,000 ingredients which when burned, also produce compound chemicals8. Cigarettes can cause cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung disease, emphysema, bronchitis, chronic airway obstructions, and many other health related diseases. Cigarette smoking may also lead to changes in the smokers’ appearance over longer periods of time like wrinkling skin and yellowing of the teeth. In the United States, smoking is responsible for about one in five deaths annually which is about 443,00 deaths a year9. On average, smokers die 13 to14 years early then nonsmokers. In a specific case involving Shane, a 44 year old man who started smoking when he was 18 and was only 34 when his body became damaged from smoking. He discovered he had throat cancer, and had to get his larynx removed, part of his esophagus and collarbone. Part of his stomach had to be reshaped and stretched to serve as an esophagus. Now he speaks with an electro larynx and has a 1inch stoma in his neck so he can breathe. Even after being smoke free since 2003 his smoking still affects him, he just recently found out that he now has cancer in his chest10. Smoking increases your odds of life ending shorter because of avoidable health diseases that you could have easily prevented from not smoking. The amount of money people spend on cigarettes is a ridiculous amount, which could be spent on something more important. In the long run it hurts people when you invest in cigarettes and not in other things like bank accounts or safe stocks. The cigarette industry spends billions of dollars investing and promoting. According to the CDC cigarette smoking costs more than $193 billion a year, which is $97 billion in lost productivity plus $96 billion in health care expenditures11. Cigarettes aren’t cheap and quitting or never starting can save you money now and can also keep you from spending money on health problems in the future. For example if cigarettes are an average $5. 50 for the cost of a pack of cigarettes and a smoker smokes a pack every day, in a month you would be spending $165 on cigarettes, when you could really save that much every month. If you saved this much every month, in five years you could have $9,900, $19,800 in ten years, and $39,600 in twenty years. Before you start just smoking think of the weekly spending you would be doing on just a pack of cigarettes when you could be doing something more important with your money. Smoking is a horrible choice and risk that affects you and the people around you in a negative way. There are many effects of smoking cigarettes, for example second hand smoke and the affect it has on people who are nonsmokers, they cause health risks that can cause death, and also it causes people to spend unnecessary amounts of money. Cigarettes are temporary thing that makes you feel good for a while, but overall the long term affects are dangerous to your life.

Diabetes essays

Diabetes essays Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects the pancreas. When you have Diabetes the pancreas stops making insulin or doesnt make enough. Doctors are not sure, but they think this happens when your body is trying to fight a virus. The insulin-making cells look like a virus, so your body begins to start and fight them. Almost 16,000,000 people in the US have diabetes. There are three types of diabetes. Type 1, or insulin dependent diabetes, occurs when the pancreas no longer produces any or very little insulin. Type 2 occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body does not use the insulin effectively. Type 3, Gestational, is a temporary condition the occurs during pregnancy. When you eat food, your small intestine takes out sugar, or glucose, and puts it in your blood. The sugar is what give you energy to do their jobs. To get into the cells the sugar need insulin. Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas. Insulin works like a key to open the cells and let the glucose (sugar) in. Without the insulin the cells would not be fed. People with type 1 diabetes usually become sick faster, while with people with type 2 have a slower onset of symptoms. Some symptoms of diabetes are: Others symptoms might be extreme fatigue (tired), irritability (bad moods), nausea, vomiting, frequent infections, and tingling/numbness in hands and feet. Over the past years research has given scientists new ways to look for cures of diabetes. Doctors can detect diabetes at a earlier stage so it can be treated before it begins to cause serious health problems. One study shows that if you control your blood sugar levels you can stop from having life threatening problems. Testing your blood sugar lets you doctor give you better treatment. Another study working with relatives of people with diabetes of giving them low doses of insulin can help them from getting diabet...

Inquiry letter Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Inquiry letter - Assignment Example Currently, there is a significant decline in creativity and innovation evident from few modern mechanical designs in the market. Consequently, mechanical engineers brain drain from other foreign countries has resulted to lower native based skilled mechanics. Immigration of engineers is a notable cause of decreased creativity among native residents of the state. I believe that there should be no limitation on the immigration of skilled labor. Trade union has however placed quotas on the number of foreign skilled laborers entering the country. The union has also restricted the training of more American young professionals. The foreigners then enter the country and dominate the mechanics profession preventing entry and development of native engineers (Melville 866). Many patriotic and generous American citizens who have felt the necessity for native skilled mechanics have raised the apprenticeship questions. The benevolent citizens have also created business schools to help avoid trade union restrictions. Comparatively, modern business schools are better than the old learning. The new era education provides more sophisticated and inclusive curriculum as opposed to the old regime. Why would the trade union deny an American boy who aspires to become a skilled laborer the chance to pursue his wish? There should be no measures on the number of apprentices awarded. Training of the skilled labor should also occur in profitable

Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business Strategy - Essay Example t size, market growth rate, market share as well as market segmentation, clearly, all these are the strength that are enjoyed more by Merck company as compared to the competitor. The company needs to reexamine the top-down aspect in relation to bottom up perspectives as it operation strategy. The decisions that are made by the organization from the top are very important for the company (Hynes, Michael, 23). In order to be able to set general direction for the company, and ultimately influence the overall strategy of the company, then there is a need to interpret clearly the functional areas of the company, including operations, finances as well as marketing. Another very critical area that needs to be explored by the Merck Company is to balance the market requirement and the operations resources. The strategy that has been adopted by Merck needs to examine and reflect on what the company is actually doing in relation to what the market requires. From the analysis, the company is much focused on cost than any other

The Myth of Japanese Failure (NY Times January 9, 2012) Personal Statement

The Myth of Japanese Failure (NY Times January 9, 2012) - Personal Statement Example In many cases, the US has tried to tarnish the reputation of other countries in order to avoid intense competition from them. For instance, many negative articles have been written concerning the BRICS countries. This is despite the union making immense strides especially in the economic sector. This is because many think that such association will threaten the dominance of US in the global market and political sector. Therefore, the negative perception is mainly intended to reduce the trade between US and Japan in order to weaken its economy. Furthermore, the parameters used to measure the success of Japanese economy are not correct. As a result, a negative image is being painted about this country. I believe that benchmarking is the best measure of a country’s progress. This is because it is able to capture the changes that have occurred in the economic sector over a specified period of time. If such a parameter is used, the current image concerning Japan can change

Memory and Language Acquisition

Memory and Language Acquisition Memory and language acquisition Abstract The study of second language acquisition through the analysis of the language learners mental process and strategies seeing how researchers investigate on language learning and processing;how they collect the data;which factors,mechanisms and processes they examine for constracting and testing theories.The exploration of human mind following the cognitive psychology theories applying to the Multi-store memory model (Atkinsons and Shiffrin) and the Working memory model (Baddeley) in connection with the relationship between memory and language,trying to understand also the implication in quotidian actions of words temporary memory.A look on the links between memory and attention demonstrated by the Cowans Embedded-processes model of working memory,showing how memory and attention are involved in language acquisition.The attempt is the comprehension of the way in which learners acquire a second language ,how they develop their linguistic and communicative competences and in which proces ses are involved in. Introduction It is not possible to do a direct inspection on the learners mental knowledge.This can only be inferred by examining samples of the learners performance.Second language researchers have used different kinds of performance to try to investigate competence.Very different results can be obtained depending on the kind of performance data the researcher studies.Researchers disagree about what kind of performance they think provides the best evidence of acquisition.It is impostant to examine carefully the nature of the data used and the way in which acquisition has been measured,in reading reports of actual studies.The goal of second language researchers   is the description and the explanation of the learnerslinguistic and communicative competence.The study of how learners learn a second language does not have a very old story (the surge of empirical work that inform current thinking did not begin until the late 1960s).The study of learners-external factors and learner-internal mechanis ms constitutes an attempt to how second language acquisition takes place (learner-internal mechanisms concern on how learners use their resources in communication and on how they acquire the language,these mechanisms are mental and largely hidden from view althuoght not necessarly completely unconscious).Then there is the question of individual learners differences and what causes them.Learners set about the task of acquiring a second language in different ways.They differ with regard to such general factors as motivation and aptitude,and also in the use of various strategies for obtaining   input and for learning from it.he study of these general factors and on the learning strategies helps to explain why some learners more and more rapidly than others and why they reach higher level of proficiency.Learners language study is the starting point of   the exploration of second language acquisition because it provides the data for constructing and testing theories of second languag e acquisition (analysis of errors,acquisition orders and developmental sequences,variability,pragmatics aspects,study of input and interaction,analysis of discourse). 1-Theories and memory models Since the early 20th century various schools of psychology attempted to develop learning theories.Every school developed different theories working on distinct perspectives of human mind.The first was the behaviourist psychology school.For the behaviourism movement the human mind was totally unknowable.This school maintains that only the behaviour can be observed and analysed scientifically.Even the language learnig process is seen as a behaviour (verbal behaviour).The behaviourist theory affirms that language is a product of habit and it can be acquired by conditioning through a stimulus-response mechanism (external stimuli activate responses to the exactly for the animals).The empirical work so is concentrated only on the observable phenomens and processes (external factors).In 1960s Cognitivism replaced behaviours becoming the dominant paradigm.The cognitive psychologists look at the learners as information processors (like a computer).Focusing   on the inner mental activities t o understand how people learn,mental processes as thinking,memorising,knowing and problem-solving have to be explored.For cognitivists human mind can be seen as a computer where information comes in,it is being processed and leads to certain outcomes.The cognitive approach on the information processing has provided psycholinguistics with the means for anlysing how the learners process the language,cognitive theories have given a revolutionary contribution to linguistics.The assumptions are that for processing information there are two separated channels,associated with the different senses,auditory and visual (with two dinstinct sensory stores the echoic memory and the iconic memory);each channel has a limitated capacity,learning is an active process where information   is being filtrate,selected,organized and integrated on the basis of prior knowledge.In 1968 Atkinsons and Shiffrin proposed a model of human memory which explains the human information processing system.They despri bed a three-store model indicating three different memory systems:sensory memory,short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM).Human mind has a limited capacity for the amount and the nature of information it can process.An invironmental stimulus activates our senses (information can be just processed in a channel at a time).Incoming information enters the information processing system,the trace of this information is held briefly in the sensory memory,that is a temporary buffer memory (language learning trace can be visual in reading or auditory listening).From here certain pieces of information are passed to short-term memory,which is another temporary memory but at this level we are conscious of information and we can work with it.STM has a low capacity of storage (about 7 plus minus 2 chunks of information;Miller 1956) it decays as soon as it not longer attended to.To be holden information has to be encoded through active strategies as rehearse or visualisation,but then the re is the transfert to the long-term memory.This is a permanent ,memory stoe with an extremely large capacity that could be unlimited,here stored information is recorded and can always be retrieved,it is organized according to meaning and is linked by associations.There is no limit the capacity of storing new information and this can be kept up to a life time.Only with the deterioration of brain system the storage retrieval capability can be lost.Permanent losses of information occurs just as a   result of brain damages,failures of retrieval often are caused by temporary blockage.Just some of what we experience is attended for more the a few brief moments.Hence the storage process is not even activated.Using the metaphor of the human mind as a computer,cognitivists gave to short-term memory the title of Working memory.In 1974 Baddeley and Hitch proposed the Multi-component model of working memory.This model is composed of three main component:the central executive,the phonological loop and the visual-spatial sketch-pad.The central executive acts as supervisory system in controlling cognitive processes.It is responsible for the slave systems coordination.The slave systems are short-term storage systems which concern two separate perceptual domains,Phonogical loop and visual-spatial sketch-pad are respectively the verbal and the visual-spatial slave systems.Phonological loop has two sub-systems called phonological store and articulatory process and it deals with phonological information. Therefore language learning and processing working memory is involved at this level.The phonological store sub-system is assumed to be specialized to maintain verbal information that enters here automatically,because spoken language seems to have a direct access to the phonological store.This has a limited capacity of storage,it can hold acoustically coded items just for s brief period, in fact the trace decays in 1 or 2 seconds.For holding information we need to use strategie s that can help us to encode it and to retain it.In words memorisation tasks for example the rehearsal mechanism allows us to transform spoken words into a phonological code,preventing them from decay.Rehearsal consists in sub-vocal repetition of the material,some kind of inner voice in our head.This mechanism in fact is used to convert written words into a phonological code,so that these can be insert into the phonological store.Written words are processed on a phonological basis in memorisation,being included in the same store of spoken words instead of a separate visual store as we could imagine.The visual-spatial sketch-pad endeed is implicated in visual and spatial tasks like location or movement of object in space or remembering visible features as shape and colour.It works like a sort of inner eye specialized on spatial and visual coding. 2-Memory and attention A great deal of everyday activities require the use of temporary memory.Encoding store and retrieval are the process on which we rely on for acting on day-to-day life.Making decisions,solving problems,social interactioning,language production are based on the ability of memorising.Performing a task from repeating foreign words to counting ,to remember   where we parked our car demand the involvement of attention.Cowans embedded-process model of working memory illustrates the links between memory and attention.Our capacity of attention is limited,internal and external factors of distraction and individual faculties and abilities affect our attentional degree.The number of things we can focus at the same time is indefinite but information is activated only for a very brief period after which it decays.Information can be activated automatically,it is not always the focus of conscious necessary awareness.This can explain how it is possible to perform actions without the need of control ling their process.Voluntary processes and involuntary processes control both the focus of attention . This can explain how it is possible to perform actions without the need of controlling   them process.The demand of conscious attention more depends on the familiarity degree with the process,as we become familiar with the process they are automatised step by step.More they become automatised less is the demand of attention.It is important to understand how memory and attention are involved in language learning. 3-Language learning researches Short-term memory is an on-line capacity for processing and elaborating new information,this is why it is responsible in language learning and development.For this reason second language acquisition researches are focused on short-term memory.Also for analysing the individual   differences in language learning researches and to examine short-term capacity.Verbal short-term memory abilities,words memorisation,words repetition and vocabulary learning are related in some way.The tests and the experiments created for testing language learners are mostly based on immediate serial recall of lists ,non-word repetition or recognition and word learning working on spoken and written words.This kind of analysis provide empirical data to researches for comparing the results between various kinds of learners at different proficiency levels and in different situations. Conclusion Second language acquisition is not s simple issue for researchers because mental processes and knowledge cant be directly observed.Different kinds of studies conducted in different ways provide a great deal of data and results.To interpret them is important to understand first how the acquisition occurs,which processes are involved in,which factors (internals or externals) can influence it and the mechanism and the strategies used by the learners (consciously or uncounsciously).The analysis has to be focused on learners language perfomances.Cognitive psychology is based on the information processing paradigm The human mind is seen like a computer by cognitivists and following this idea were proposed models of human memory that,in connection with language learning,explain the memory structure,its capacities,the processes responsible for encoding,recording and storing information.Analysing the working memory capacity it is possible to study the learners language acquisition.Researches on memory have helped us to understand how works the acquisition of a second language in bilingual learners,how they use the language and the individuals differences at different levels.It has been discovered that second language development proceed in an orderly fashion,the learning processes between bilingual learners are similar because they follow a developmental sequence in different stages. Experiments within working memory capacity is tested,for example backward digit span test,can show how learners achieving different proficiency levels use distinct strategies and mechanisms in a regular way concording to the level.So memory is the center of language acquisition,this can be explained through the analysis of the memory processes,whereas the processes of memory can be explored through the language learning and processing.It means that there is an absolute relation and an unavoidable interrelationship between them. References: Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition ; J.Michael OMalley,Anna Uhl Chamot; Cambridge Univesity Press The study of Second Language Acquisition; Rod Ellis ;Oxford University Press Working Memory and Language ; Baddeley and Gathercole Psycholinguistics:The Key Concepts ; John Field ;Routledge Working Memory and Language:an overview Alan Baddeley ;Department of Experimental Psychology ,University of Bristol ,Uk (Journal of Communication desorders 2003)

Mount St. Helens :: Nature Volcanoes Eruptions Essays

Mount St. Helens Mount St. Helens is an active stratovalcano in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is located 96 miles south of Seattle and 53 miles northeast of Portland, Oregon. The mountain is part of the Cascade Range. It is most famous for a catastrophic eruption on May 18, 1980. That eruption was the most deadly and economically destructive volcanic eruption in the history of the United States. 57 people were killed, and 200 homes, 47 bridges, 15 miles (24 km) of railways and 185 miles (300 km) of highway were destroyed. The eruption blew the top of the mountain off, reducing its summit from 9,677 feet to 8,364 feet in elevation and replacing it with a mile-wide horeshoeshaped crater. Like most of the other volcanoes in the Cascade Range, St. Helens is a great cone of rubble, consisting of lava rock interlayered with ash, pumice and other deposits. Volcanic cones of this internal structure are called composite cones or stratovolcanoes. Mount St. Helens includes layers of basalt and andesite through which several domes of dacite lava have erupted. The largest of the dacite domes formed the previous summit; another formed Goat Rocks dome on the northern flank. These were destroyed in St. Helens' 1980 eruption. The first recorded sighting of Mount St. Helens by Europeans was by Royal Navy Commander George Vancouver and the officers of HMS Discovery on May 19, 1792, while they were surveying the northern Pacific Ocean coast from 1792 to 1794. Vancouver named the mountain for British diplomat Alleyne Fitzherbert, Baron St. Helens on October 20, 1792. According to geological evidence, St. Helens started growth 37,600 years ago with dacite and andesite eruptions of pumice and ash. Mudflows were very significant forces in all of St. Helens' eruptive cycles. Starting around 2500 BC eruptions of large amounts of ash and yellowish-brown pumice covered thousands of square miles. This eruptive cycle lasted until about 1600 BC. After 400 years of inactivity, St. Helens came alive again around 1200 BC. This cycle, which lasted until about 800 BC, is characterized by smaller volume eruptions. Mt. Saint Helens woke up on March 20, 1980, with a Richter magnitude 4 earthquake. Steam venting started on March 27. By the end of April, the north side of the mountain started to bulge.